Microwave ablation antenna radiation detector

ABSTRACT

A radiation detector disposed on a microwave antenna assembly is disclosed. The radiation detector includes a receiving antenna adapted to receive errant microwave energy and a rectifier coupled to the receiving antenna that is adapted to rectify at least a portion of the errant microwave energy. A filter is coupled to the rectifier and is adapted to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/487,917 filed on Jun. 19, 2009, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to microwave antennas. More particularly, the present disclosure is directed to radiation detectors for microwave ablation antennas.

2. Background of Related Art

Treatment of certain diseases requires destruction of malignant tissue growths (e.g., tumors). It is known that tumor cells denature at elevated temperatures that are slightly lower than temperatures injurious to surrounding healthy cells. Therefore, known treatment methods, such as hyperthermia therapy, heat tumor cells to temperatures above 41° C., while maintaining adjacent healthy cells at lower temperatures to avoid irreversible cell damage. Such methods involve applying electromagnetic radiation to heat tissue and include ablation and coagulation of tissue. In particular, microwave energy is used to coagulate and/or ablate tissue to denature or kill the cancerous cells.

Microwave energy is applied via microwave ablation antennas that penetrate tissue to reach tumors. There are several types of microwave antennas, such as monopole and dipole, in which microwave energy radiates perpendicularly from the axis of the conductor. A monopole antenna includes a single, elongated microwave conductor whereas a dipole antenna includes two conductors. In a dipole antenna, the conductors may be in a coaxial configuration including an inner conductor and an outer conductor separated by a dielectric portion. More specifically, dipole microwave antennas may have a long, thin inner conductor that extends along a longitudinal axis of the antenna and is surrounded by an outer conductor. In certain variations, a portion or portions of the outer conductor may be selectively removed to provide more effective outward radiation of energy. This type of microwave antenna construction is typically referred to as a “leaky waveguide” or “leaky coaxial” antenna.

Conventional microwave antennas operate at a single frequency allowing for creation of similarly shaped lesions (e.g., spherical, oblong, etc.). Some antennas are capable of radiating energy inside as well as outside tissue, due to well-tuned impedance matching. In some instances this may result in inadvertent radiation outside the tissue.

SUMMARY

According to one aspect of the disclosure, a radiation detector disposed on a microwave antenna assembly is disclosed. The radiation detector includes a receiving antenna adapted to receive errant microwave energy and a rectifier coupled to the receiving antenna that is adapted to rectify at least a portion of the errant microwave energy. A filter is coupled to the rectifier and is adapted to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a microwave antenna assembly is disclosed. The microwave assembly includes a hub adapted to couple the microwave antenna assembly to a microwave generator, a radiating section coupled to the hub through a feedline and a radiation detector disposed on the microwave antenna assembly proximally of the radiating section. The radiation detector includes a receiving antenna adapted to receive errant microwave energy, a rectifier coupled to the receiving antenna and being adapted to rectify at least a portion of the errant microwave energy and a filter coupled to the rectifier and adapted to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.

A method for detecting errant microwave energy is also contemplated by the present disclosure. The method includes an initial step of detecting errant microwave energy. The method also includes the steps of: rectifying at least a portion of the errant microwave energy through a rectifier coupled to the receiving antenna and filtering the rectified microwave energy through a filter coupled to the rectifier to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a microwave ablation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a radiation detector according to one embodiment the present disclosure;

FIGS. 3A-B are top views of the radiation detector of FIG. 2;

FIGS. 4A-B are bottom views of the radiation detector of FIG. 2;

FIGS. 5A-B are cross-sectional, side view of the radiation detector of FIG. 2;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a microwave ablation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a radiation detector according to one embodiment the present disclosure;

FIGS. 8A-B are top views of the radiation detector of FIG. 7;

FIGS. 9A-B are bottom views of the radiation detector of FIG. 7;

FIGS. 10A-B are cross-sectional, side view of the radiation detector of FIG. 7;

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a microwave ablation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a radiation detector according to one embodiment the present disclosure;

FIG. 13 is a top views of the radiation detector of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 is a bottom view of the radiation detector of FIG. 12;

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a radiation detector according to one embodiment the present disclosure;

FIG. 16 is a top views of the radiation detector of FIG. 15;

FIG. 17 is a bottom view of the radiation detector of FIG. 15; and

FIG. 18 is a flow chart of a method according to the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Particular embodiments of the present disclosure will be described herein below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail to avoid obscuring the present disclosure in unnecessary detail.

The present disclosure provides for a radiation detector disposed on a microwave antenna. Generally, the detector is disposed in a location such that any unintended and/or errant radiation of microwave energy along the antenna is detected. The radiation detector converts the detected radiation into a detection signal, which is then transmitted to a control system (e.g., microwave generator) to either shut off the power supply and/or alert the user.

In one embodiment, the radiation detector includes a receiving antenna adapted to receive microwave energy radiating along the microwave antenna and a rectifying circuit including a rectifying device and a filter. The rectifying circuit rectifies the microwave energy incident on the receiving antenna into a sensing signal and then passes the sensing signal through the filter to the control system.

FIG. 1 shows a microwave ablation system 10 that includes a microwave antenna assembly 12 coupled to a microwave generator 14 via a flexible coaxial cable 16. The generator 14 is configured to provide microwave energy at an operational frequency from about 500 MHz to about 10,000 MHz. In the illustrated embodiment, the antenna assembly 12 includes a radiating section 18 connected by feedline 20 (or shaft) to the cable 16. More specifically, the feedline 20 is connected to a hub 22, which is connected to the cable 16 through a cable connector 19. The hub 22 may have a variety of suitable shapes, e.g., cylindrical, rectangular, etc.

The feedline 20 may be coaxial and include an inner conductor surrounded by an inner insulator, which is, in turn, surrounded by an outer conductor 17 (e.g., a cylindrical conducting sheath). The inner conductor and outer conductor 17 may be constructed of copper, gold, stainless steel or other conductive metals with similar conductivity values. The metals may be plated with other materials, e.g., other conductive materials, to improve their properties, e.g., to improve conductivity or decrease energy loss, etc. In one embodiment, the feedline 20 may be formed from a coaxial, semi-rigid or flexible cable having a wire with a 0.047″ outer diameter rated for 50 Ohms.

The antenna assembly 12 includes a radiation detector 30 disposed proximally relative to the radiating section 18, e.g., on the outer surface of the hub 22. With reference to FIGS. 2-5, the radiation detector 30 includes a so-called square “patch” receiving antenna 32 formed as a top antenna member 34 and a lower grounding member 35. The antenna member 34 is shaped as a square patch and is disposed on a top surface 40 of the substrate 36 as shown in FIGS. 2, 3 and 5.

The grounding member 35 is formed as a border frame patch and is disposed on a bottom surface 41 of the substrate 36 as shown in FIGS. 2, 4 and 5. The square shape of the receiving antenna 32 allows the radiation detector 30 to act as a 360° receiver, allowing the radiation detector 30 to detect microwave radiation from any direction. In one embodiment, each side of the receiving antenna 32 may be substantially n λ/4 of the wavelength of the microwave energy being supplied to the antenna 12, where n is an integer, hence, the side may be λ/4, λ/2, λ, etc.

As best shown in FIG. 5A, the substrate 36 includes a top depression 38 on the top surface 40 thereof. The depression 38 is dimensioned such that the antenna member 34 fits therein and that the antenna member 34 is substantially flush with the top surface 40. The substrate 36 also includes a bottom depression 39 on the bottom surface 41 thereof. The bottom depression 39 is shaped as a border frame around the periphery of the substrate 36. The depression 39 is also dimensioned such that the grounding member 35 fits therein and the grounding member 35 is substantially flush with the bottom surface 41. The top and bottom depressions 38 and 39 may be formed a distance d from the perimeter of the substrate 36, such that when disassembled, the antenna member 34 fits within the grounding member 35.

In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5B, the substrate 36 may have a planar top surface 40 and a planar bottom surface 41 with the antenna and grounding members 34 and 35 disposed thereon.

In one embodiment, the substrate 36 may be formed from a non-conductive conformal material such as polyesters, polyimides, polyamides, polyamide-imides, polyetherimides, polyacrylates, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene chloride, polysiloxanes, combinations thereof and the like. The antenna and grounding members 34 and 35 may be formed from a conformal sheet of conductive material such as copper, gold, stainless steel or other conductive metals with similar conductivity values. In one embodiment, the receiving antenna 32 may be plated with other materials, e.g., other conductive materials, to improve the conductive properties thereof. The conformal nature of the substrate 36 and the receiving antenna 32 allows the radiation detector 30 to be disposed on the hub 22 of any suitable shape (e.g., cylindrical). Thus, the radiation detector 30 may be wrapped around the hub 22. The radiation detector 30 may also be encased in a shell 42 (e.g., epoxy) to provide for sterilization compatibility. The encasement may be accomplished once the radiation detector 30 is conformed to the hub 22.

With continued reference to FIGS. 2-5, the radiation detector 30 also includes a rectifying circuit 50 including one or more rectifiers 52 (FIGS. 2 and 3) and a filter 54 (FIG. 4). The rectifiers 52 are electrically coupled to the antenna member 34. The rectifiers 52 also include a shunt connection 56 passing through the substrate 36 to the grounding member 35 as best shown in FIG. 5. In addition, the radiation detector 30 includes a center tap feed 58 coupling the antenna member 34 to the grounding member 35. The center tap feed 58 passes through the substrate 36 in a similar manner as the shunt connections 56. The center tap feed 58 and the shunt connections 56 provide the only electrical connectivity between the antenna and grounding members 34 and 35, which are otherwise electrically insulated by the substrate 36.

The center tap feed 58 may be placed at a location of high current density and low electric field density to optimize DC current harvesting and minimize RF current disturbance. In other words, the center tap feed 58 may be placed in a location of low RF impedance. Rectifiers 52 are placed in locations of high electric field density and low current density.

The rectifiers 52 may be any type of suitable diodes such as Zener diode, Schottky diode, tunnel diode and the like. The rectifiers 52 may be in direct contact with the antenna member 34 or through an impedance matching network, which may include lumped elements and/or a transmission line. In addition, the rectifiers 52 may be disposed a predetermined distance l from the corner of the antenna member 34 (FIGS. 3A-B). The distance l may be varied to match the impedance of the rectifier 52 to the antenna assembly 12. The rectifiers 52 convert the sinusoidal shape of the microwave waveform by clipping the negative portion of the waveform. In other words, the rectifiers 52 clip the bottom portion of the sinusoid to rectify the microwave waveform.

As shown in FIGS. 4A and B, the filter 54 is disposed at the bottom surface 41 and is electrically coupled to the center tap feed 58. The filter 54 may be an inductor-resistor-capacitor (“LRC”) low pass filter that is adapted to convert the rectified sinusoidal waveform from the rectifiers 52 into a detection signal, which may be a DC voltage signal representative of the detected microwave radiation. The filter 54 includes a capacitor 60 coupled between the center tap feed 58 and a first shunt connection 62. The capacitor 60 is connected in series with an inductor 64, which is connected through a resistor 66 to a second shunt connection 68 as shown in FIG. 4A. In another embodiment, the capacitor 60, the inductor 64 and the resistor 66 may be coupled to each other in parallel as shown in FIG. 4B. The inductor 64 is coupled to the receiving antenna at the center tap feed 58, which is now disposed at the edge of the antenna member 34.

In a further embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3B, the filter 54 may be disposed on the top surface 40 and be coupled to antenna member 34 by the center tap feed 58. The first and second shunt connections 62 and 68 pass through the substrate 36 in a similar manner as the shunt connections 56.

The filter 54 is also connected to a voltage output 70 that may be coupled to a wire 71 (FIG. 1). The wire 71 may be disposed anywhere along the antenna assembly 12 such that the wire 71 has minimal effect on the radiation efficiency of the antenna assembly 12. When the filter 54 is configured as an LRC filter and connected to the voltage output 70, the filter 54 limits the microwave radiating from escaping through the wire 71 and allows the rectified DC current, namely, the detection signal to travel to the generator 14. A ground wire (not explicitly shown) is coupled to the grounding member 35 and provides the generator 14 with a reference signal for comparison of the detection signal therewith.

The detection signal may then be transmitted to the generator 14 or another control system, which compares the detection signal with a reference threshold signal. The reference signal may be preset to denote a threshold level indicative of dangerous levels of microwave radiation. If the generator 14 determines that the detection signal is above the reference signal, then the generator 14 may terminate or suspend the supply of energy to the antenna assembly 12 and/or alert the user. The generator 14 may include any suitable type of alert or alarm (e.g., audio, visual, etc.) that is activated when the detection signal is above the threshold.

In another embodiment, in addition to transmission of the detection signal to the generator 14, the detection signal may also be used to power any suitable alarm device, such as a light-emitting device (e.g., LED 72) disposed on the bottom surface 41. The LED 72 may be configured to operate above a predetermined threshold voltage. Thus, the detection signals above the threshold trigger the LED 72, indicates to the user that dangerous levels of microwave energy are emitted outside the radiating section 18. In another embodiment, an audible alarm (e.g., a speaker) may be used in place of the LED 72.

In a further embodiment, the radiation detector 30 may include a voltage limiting circuit 74 to ensure that the voltage level of the detection signal is regulated, such that, excessive voltage does not pass to the control circuitry of the generator 14. The voltage limiting circuit 74 may include a high impedance voltage buffer.

FIGS. 6-10 illustrate another embodiment of a radiation detector 130. With reference to FIGS. 7-10, the radiation detector 130 includes a linear receiving antenna 132 formed as a top antenna member 134 and a lower grounding member 135. The antenna member 134 is shaped as a rectangular patch and is disposed on a top surface 140 of the substrate 136 as shown in FIGS. 7-9. The linear receiving antenna 132 is disposed longitudinally on the antenna assembly 12, such that the longitudinal axis of the receiving antenna 132 is substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the antenna assembly 12. This configuration aligns the linear receiving antenna 132 with the emitted microwave energy.

In one embodiment, the grounding member 135 may be formed as a border frame patch and is disposed on a bottom surface 141 of the substrate 136 as shown in FIGS. 7, 9 and 10. In another embodiment, the outer conductor 17 may be used in lieu of the grounding member 135, such that the substrate 136 is disposed on top of the outer conductor 17.

As best shown in FIG. 10A, the substrate 136 includes a top depression 138 on the top surface 40 thereof. The depression 138 is dimensioned such that the antenna member 134 fits therein and resides substantially flush with the top surface 140. If the grounding member 135 is utilized in a particular configuration, the substrate 136 will also be configured to include a bottom depression 139 on the bottom surface 141 thereof. The bottom depression 139 is shaped as a border frame around the periphery of the substrate 36. The depression 139 is dimensioned such that the grounding member 135 fits therein in a substantially flush orientation relative to the bottom surface 141.

In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 10B, the substrate 136 may have a planar top surface 140 and a planar bottom surface 141 with the antenna and grounding members 134 and 135 disposed thereon.

In one embodiment, the substrate 136 may be formed from the same non-conductive conformal materials as the substrate 36. The antenna and grounding members 134 and 135 may be formed from any suitable conformal conductive materials similar to the materials of the antenna and grounding members 134 and 135. The conformal nature of the substrate 136 and the receiving antenna 132 allows the radiation detector 130 to be disposed around the shaft of the outer conductor 17 (e.g., wrapped longitudinally thereabout).

With continued reference to FIGS. 7-10, the radiation detector 130 also includes a rectifying circuit 150 including one or more rectifiers 152 and a filter 154 (FIG. 9). The rectifiers 152 are electrically coupled to the antenna member 134 and include a shunt connection 156 passing through the substrate 136 to the grounding member 135 as best shown in FIG. 10. The radiation detector 130 also includes a center tap feed 158 coupling the antenna member 134 to the grounding member 135. In another embodiment, the shunt connections and the center tap feed 158 may shunt to the outer conductor 17.

The rectifiers 152 may be disposed a predetermined distance l from center tap feed 158 (FIGS. 8A-B). The distance l may be varied to match the impedance of the rectifier 152 to the antenna assembly 12. As shown in FIG. 9, the filter 154 is disposed at the bottom surface 141 and is electrically coupled to the center tap feed 158. The filter 154 is an LRC low pass filter that is adapted to convert the rectified sinusoidal waveform from the rectifiers 152 into a detection signal. The filter 154 is also connected to a voltage output 170 which may be coupled to a wire 171 (FIG. 6). A ground wire (not explicitly shown) is coupled to the grounding member 135 and provide the generator 14 with a reference signal for comparison of the detection signal therewith. The filter 154 is coupled to the center tap feed 158 and first and second shunt connections 162 and 168. The filter 154 also includes a capacitor 160, an inductor 164 and a resistor 166 coupled in series as shown in FIG. 9A. In another embodiment, the capacitor 160, the inductor 164 and the resistor 166 may be coupled to each other in parallel as shown in FIG. 9B.

In a further embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8B, the filter 154 may be disposed on the top surface 140 and be coupled to antenna member 134 by the center tap feed 158. The first and second shunt connections 162 and 168 pass through the substrate 136 in a similar manner as the shunt connection 156.

The detection signal may then be transmitted to the generator 14 or another control system, which compares the detection signal with a reference signal in the manner discussed above. In another embodiment, the radiation detector 130 also includes an LED 172 coupled to the voltage output 170. The LED 172 lights up when the detection signal is above a predetermined threshold voltage. In a further embodiment, the radiation detector 130 may also include a voltage limiting circuit 174 to ensure that excessive voltage does not pass to the control circuitry of the generator 14.

The present disclosure provides for a radiation detector that allows for microwave ablation systems to recognize unintended radiation of microwave energy along the antenna assembly 12 toward the user. This is particularly useful for dielectrically buffered antennas that continue to radiate microwave energy efficiently, regardless of the radiating environment (e.g., inside or outside tissue). Thus, if the antenna assembly 12 is energized while in open air, the radiation detector 30 senses a high level of microwave radiating along the antenna assembly 12 and then transmits a detection signal to the generator 14, which then registers the error and suspends the supply of power.

FIGS. 11-14 illustrate another embodiment of a radiation detector 230. With reference to FIGS. 12-14, the radiation detector 230 includes a circular receiving antenna 232 formed as a spiral antenna member 234 and a grounding member 235. The circular receiving antenna 232 includes an aperture 243 defined therethrough for insertion around the feedline 20. The aperture 243 allows the circular receiving antenna 232 to be disposed transversely with respect to a longitudinal axis defined by the antenna assembly 12. This configuration aligns the circular receiving antenna 232 with the emitted microwave energy. The antenna member 234 has a spiral shape and is disposed on a top surface 240 of a substrate 236 as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13. The antenna member 234 includes an inner end 280 coupled to the aperture 243 and an outside end 282 (FIG. 13).

In one embodiment, the grounding member 235 may be formed as a solid circular patch and is disposed on a bottom surface 241 of the substrate 236 as shown in FIGS. 12 and 14. The substrate 236 may be formed from the same non-conductive conformal materials as the substrate 36. The antenna and grounding members 234 and 235 may be formed from any suitable conformal conductive materials similar to the materials of the antenna and grounding members 34 and 35.

With reference to FIG. 13, the radiation detector 230 also includes a rectifying circuit 250 including one or more rectifiers 252 and a filter 254. The rectifier 252 is electrically coupled to the antenna member 234 and includes a shunt connection 256 passing through the substrate 236 to the grounding member 235 as shown in FIGS. 12 and 14. The radiation detector 230 also includes a center tap feed 258 (FIG. 13). The center tap feed 258 may be placed at a location of high current density and low electric field density to optimize DC current harvesting and minimize RF current disturbance, such as the outside end 282. In other words, the center tap feed 258 may be placed in a location of low RF impedance. Rectifiers 252 are placed in locations of high electric field density and low current density.

As shown in FIG. 13, the filter 254 is disposed on the top surface 240 and is coupled to antenna member 234 by the center tap feed 258. The filter 254 is an LRC low pass filter that is adapted to convert the rectified sinusoidal waveform from the rectifiers 252 into a detection signal. The filter 254 is also connected to a voltage output 270 which may be coupled to a wire 271 (FIG. 11). A ground wire (not explicitly shown) is coupled to the grounding member 235 and provides the generator 14 with a reference signal for comparison of the detection signal.

The filter 254 is coupled to the center tap feed 258 and first and second shunt connections 262 and 268. The filter 254 also includes a capacitor 260, an inductor 264 and a resistor 266 coupled in series. In another embodiment, the capacitor 260, the inductor 264 and the resistor 266 may be coupled to each other in parallel. The first and second shunt connections 262 and 268 pass through the substrate 236 in a similar manner as the center tap feed 258.

The detection signal may then be transmitted to the generator 14 or another control system, which compares the detection signal with a reference signal in the manner discussed above. In another embodiment, the radiation detector 230 also includes an LED 272 coupled to the voltage output 270. The LED 272 lights up when the detection signal is above a predetermined threshold voltage. In a further embodiment, the radiation detector 230 may also include a voltage limiting circuit 274 to ensure that excessive voltage does not pass to the control circuitry of the generator 14.

FIGS. 15-17 illustrate another embodiment of a radiation detector 230 which includes a circular receiving antenna 232 formed as a two top antenna members 234 a and 234 b and a lower grounding member 235. The circular receiving antenna 232 includes an aperture 243 defined therethrough for insertion around the feedline 20. The aperture 243 allows the circular receiving antenna 232 to be disposed transversely with respect to a longitudinal axis defined by the antenna assembly 12. This configuration aligns the circular receiving antenna 232 with the emitted microwave energy. The antenna members 234 a and 234 b have a spiral shape and are disposed on a top surface 240 of the substrate 236 as shown in FIGS. 15 and 16. Each of the antenna members 234 a and 234 b includes an inner end 280 coupled to the aperture 243 and an outside end 282.

In one embodiment, the grounding member 235 may be formed as a solid circular patch and is disposed on a bottom surface 241 of the substrate 236 as shown in FIGS. 16 and 17. The substrate 236 may be formed from the same non-conductive conformal materials as the substrate 36. The antenna members 234 a and 234 b and grounding member 235 may be formed from any suitable conformal conductive materials similar to the materials of the antenna and grounding members 34 and 35.

With reference to FIG. 16, the radiation detector 230 also includes a rectifying circuit 250 including one or more rectifiers 252 and filters 254. The rectifier 252 electrically couples the antenna members 234 a and 234 at the inner ends 280. This location coincides with high electric field density and low current density. The radiation detector 230 also includes center tap feeds 258 a and 258 b (FIG. 16). The center tap feeds 258 a and 258 b may be placed at a location of high current density and low electric field density to optimize DC current harvesting and minimize RF current disturbance, such as the outside end 282 of the antenna memeber 234. In other words, the center tap feeds 258 a and 258 b may be placed in a location of low RF impedance.

As shown in FIG. 14, the filters 254 are disposed on the top surface 240 and are coupled to antenna members 234 a and 234 b, respectively, at the center tap feeds 258 a and 258 b. The filters 254 are LRC low pass filters adapted to convert the rectified sinusoidal waveform from the rectifier 252 into a detection signal. The filters 254 are also connected to respective voltage outputs 270 which may be coupled to the wire 271 (FIG. 11). The signals from the filters 254 provide the generator 14 with detection signals, which the generator 14 then processes to determine the amount of radiation.

Each of the filters 254 is coupled to first and second shunt connections 262 and 268. Each of the filters 254 also includes a capacitor 260, an inductor 264 and a resistor 266 coupled in series. In another embodiment, the capacitor 260, the inductor 264 and the resistor 266 may be coupled to each other in parallel. The first and second shunt connections 262 and 268 pass through the substrate 236 in a similar manner as the shunt connection 256.

The detection signal may then be transmitted to the generator 14 or another control system, which compares the detection signals in the manner discussed above. In another embodiment, the radiation detector 230 also includes an LED 272 coupled to the voltage output 270 of each of the filters 254. The LEDs 272 light up when the detection signal is above a predetermined threshold voltage. In a further embodiment, the radiation detector 230 may also include a voltage limiting circuit 274 coupled to each of the filters 254 to ensure that excessive voltage does not pass to the control circuitry of the generator 14.

FIG. 18 shows a method for detecting errant microwave energy outside the radiating section 18. The method of the present disclosure is described with reference to the radiation detector 30. It should be appreciated that the method may be practiced with other radiation detectors, such as the radiation detectors 130, 230 and the like. The method includes an initial step of providing the radiating detector 30 on the microwave antenna assembly 12 which includes wrapping the radiating section 30 on the hub 22. The method may also include the step of connecting the radiation detector 30 to the generator 14 or another control system.

During operation, any errant microwave radiation outside the desired emission area, such as outside the radiating section 18, is picked up by the receiving antenna 32, namely, the antenna member 34. The detected microwave energy is then rectified by the rectifiers 52 and the rectified signal is filtered by the filter 54 into a detection signal (e.g., a DC voltage signal). The detection signal is then used to light up the LED 72 and/or is transmitted to generator 14. The generator 14 compares the detection signal to a threshold value to determine whether the level of the microwave energy is unsafe. If the determination is made that the level of microwave energy is excessive, the generator 14 may either suspend the supply of microwave energy and/or alert the user of this occurrence.

The described embodiments of the present disclosure are intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive, and are not intended to represent every embodiment of the present disclosure. Various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure as set forth in the following claims both literally and in equivalents recognized in law. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A radiation detector disposed on a microwave antenna assembly, the radiation detector comprising: a receiving antenna configured to receive microwave energy and including: a dielectric substrate; an antenna member disposed on a first surface of the substrate, the antenna member configured to receive microwave energy; a grounding member disposed on a second surface of the substrate, wherein the antenna and grounding members are electrically insulated by the substrate; at least one rectifier coupled to the receiving antenna configured to rectify at least a portion of the microwave energy; and a filter coupled to the at least one rectifier and configured to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal, wherein the filter includes a capacitor, an inductor and a resistor coupled in series or parallel.
 2. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is formed from a dielectric conformal material and the antenna member and the grounding member are formed from a conductive conformal material.
 3. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rectifier is coupled to the antenna member and is shunted to the grounding member.
 4. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein the antenna member includes a center tap feed coupling the antenna member to the grounding member.
 5. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rectifier is a diode.
 6. The radiation detector according to claim 1, further comprising: a light-emitting device coupled to the filter, the light-emitting device configured to operate when the detection signal is above a predetermined threshold signal.
 7. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein the receiving antenna is selected from the group consisting of a linear antenna and a square patch antenna, wherein each side of the square patch antenna is a quarter wavelength.
 8. A microwave antenna assembly, comprising: a hub configured to couple the microwave antenna assembly to a microwave generator; a radiating section coupled to the hub through a feedline; and a radiation detector disposed on the microwave antenna assembly proximal to the radiating section, the radiation detector comprising a receiving antenna configured to receive microwave energy.
 9. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 8, further comprising: at least one rectifier coupled to the receiving antenna and being configured to rectify at least a portion of the microwave energy; and a filter coupled to the at least one rectifier and configured to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.
 10. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 8, wherein the receiving antenna is a square patch antenna and each side of the square patch antenna is n λ/4 of a wavelength of the microwave energy and n is an integer.
 11. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 8, wherein the receiving antenna further comprises: a dielectric substrate; an antenna member disposed on a first surface of the substrate, the antenna member configured to receive microwave energy; and a grounding member disposed on a second surface of the substrate, wherein the antenna and grounding members are electrically insulated by the substrate.
 12. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 8, wherein the feedline includes an outer conductor and the receiving antenna is a linear antenna disposed on the outer conductor of the feedline such that a longitudinal axis of the linear antenna is substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the feedline.
 13. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 12, wherein the receiving antenna includes: a dielectric substrate disposed on the outer conductor; and an antenna member disposed on the substrate and configured to receive microwave energy.
 14. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 9, wherein the at least one rectifier is coupled to the antenna member and is shunted to the outer conductor.
 15. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 11, wherein the antenna member includes a center tap feed coupling the antenna member to the grounding member. 